GSL Journal of Vaccines and Vaccinations
نویسندگان
چکیده
Received: June 26 2017; Accepted: July 13 2017; Published: July 17 2017 challenge studies in healthy adults with potentially attenuated viruses? Second, influenza vaccines are recommended not only for healthy adults but also for children, the elderly, pregnant women, anyone with high-risk conditions and those with chronic medical conditions; it is not known whether the HI titer of 40 is equally applicable in these groups. For instance, Black, et al. [20] provided evidence that an HI titer equal to or greater than 40 is not an appropriate correlate of protection in children under 6 years of age, as they need an HI titer of 110 to reach 50% protection and titres of 215, 330 and 629 to achieve protection levels of 70%, 80% and 90%, respectively. Other studies have suggested that cellular, rather than humoral, immunity correlates with protection in the elderly [8,21,22]. In addition, the HI assay seems to be inadequate for the evaluation of LAIVs, whether seasonal or pandemic, for which correlates of protection have not yet been established [9,14-16]. However, it is important to underline the fact that vaccines that display low immunogenicity in terms of HI antibodies may generate other types of immunity [3]. One of the most promising alternatives could be the immune response against the stalk of the HA, which seems to be able to induce broader protection. Immune correlates for this new generation of vaccines need to be investigated and established, as they would be different from the traditional assays [3,23].
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